- 12월 26일 대한민국 제3공화국 헌법이 공포, 박정희 대통령 취임KO
- 5월 11일 박정희 의장, 연내 민정 이양 발표.KO
- 12월 7일 최고회의, 새 정부기구 확정 부총리제 신설.KO
- 1월 1일 부산직할시로 승격. 민간인 정치활동 재게 허용.KO
- 11월 25일 박 의장, 존슨 미 대통령과 정상 회담.KO
- 5월 14일 민정당 창당.KO
- 10월 15일 제5대 대통령 선거, 박정희 당선.KO
- 12월 17일 제3공화국 발족, 제5대 대통령 취임, 제6대 국회 개원.KO
- 8월 30일 박정희 의장 예편, 민주공화당 입당.KO
- 12월 21일 노동자 첫 해외진출, 광부 1진 123명 독일로 출국.KO
- 7월 18일 민주당 창당.KO
- 4월 25일 동아방송(DBS)개국.KO
- 1961五一六軍事政變
- 1961November. Summit conference for normalization of Korean-Japanese relations.
- 19615월 18일 장면내각 총사퇴, 미국, 군사정권 인정.
- 196112월 26일 일본 독도영유권 주장, 정부 항의각서 전달.
- 19615월 16일 박정희 등이 5·16 군사 정변 (5·16 군사 쿠데타) 을 일으켜 정권 장악.
- 196112월 12일 재향군인회 결성.
- 1962中朝边界条约
- 19623월 24일 박정희 최고의장, 대통령 권한대행.
- 19624월 2일 농촌진흥청 발족.
- 19624월 1일 증권거래서 보통거래 시작.
- 19626월 10일 제2차 통화개혁.
- 19628월 27일 새나라자동차공장 준공.
- 19626월 21일 무역진흥공사 발족.
- 1964越南战争
- 196410월 31일 대한민국과 월남 간에 파병 협정 체결
- 19645월 7일 울산정유공장 준공
- 19651월 25일 제2한강교 (현 양화대교 구교) 개통.
- 19651월 5일 정부, 제2차 경제개발 5개년계획안 수립.
- 19656월 22일 대한민국과 일본 간에 한일기본조약이 조인되어 국교가 정상화
- 196522 June. The signing of Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. Earned both much controversy and procurement of budgets for later economic developments.
| - 月5日，《人民日报》发表毛泽东题词：“向雷锋同志学习”，全国开展“学雷锋”活动。
- 四清运动
- 月，海河特大洪灾造成5000余人死亡，北京部分地区被淹、天津被困，受灾人口超2200万人，是海河流域历史上最严重的洪灾之一。
- 月16日，十大元帅之一的罗荣桓逝世。
- 月，童第周、严绍颐等人在《科学通报》上发表有关鱼类的核移植《鱼类细胞核移植》的论文。
- 月，中共中央制定《关于农村社会主义教育运动中一些具体政策的规定（草案）》，即《后十条》。
- 杭州会议
- 月6日，《人民日报》和《红旗》开始发表《九评苏共》，中苏论战进入高潮（参见：中苏交恶）。
- 1961月15日，中国第一条电气化铁路宝成铁路建成通车。
- 1961月，中共中央批发《科研十四条》。
- 1961月25日，美国中情局支持的四水六岗卫教军在西藏袭击解放军，缴获有关大跃进失败和解放军战斗序列的重要情报。
- 1961月，中共中央制定《农村六十条》。
- 1961月，中共中央批准《文艺十条》，后修改为《文艺八条》。
- 1961月，中共中央批准试行《高教六十条》。
- 1961台湾第一座核子反应堆建成。8月15日中国第一条电气化铁路宝鸡至凤州段通车运营。10月27日聯合國大會通過决議，蒙古人民共和國加入聯合國，中華民國未出席。
- 1961月，中共中央批准试行《工业七十条》。
- 1961月，中共八届九中全会决定对国民经济实行“调整、巩固、充实、提高”的八字方针，标志着“大跃进”实际结束。
- 1962中印边境战争
- 1962月24日-27日，中共八届十中全会在北京举行，毛泽东在会上提出阶级斗争要“年年讲，月月讲，天天讲”，对刘少奇等人的改革政策表达不满，会议批判了“三自一包”以及“三和一少”。
- 1962毛泽东在七千人大会上作自我批评。中印边境战争。10月12日中朝边界条约签订。台灣電視公司開播。胡適逝世。
- 1962伊塔事件
- 1962中朝边界条约
- 1962月9日，华侨事务委员会主任廖承志在北京同日本代表高碕达之助签署了《中日长期综合贸易备忘录》，开启“LT贸易”。
- 1962地震
- 1962月11日-2月7日，中共中央在北京举行扩大的工作会议，即“七千人大会 ”，毛泽东在会上作了自我批评、退居二线，由刘少奇、邓小平等人主持中央事务，此后刘少奇、邓小平、陈云、邓子恢等人支持“三自一包”的经济改革政策。
- 1962月9日，中国人民解放军空军在江西南昌首次击落美制U-2高空侦察机，该侦察机隶属于台湾中华民国空军。
- 1962月，小说《刘志丹》被康生指责为“反党小说”。
- 1962月-7月，邓小平对三自一包的“包产到户”表示支持，并引用四川（一说安徽）谚语“不管黄猫黑猫，捉到老鼠就是好猫”，“猫论”出台。
- 1964月27日，中华人民共和国与法国建交。
- 1964October — 596: The Chinese government detonated its first nuclear weapon at Lop Nur.
- 1964January — Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung was first published.
- 1964The ROC government outlaws Taiwanese Hokkien language in schools and official settings
- 19641964年白河地震
- 1964月，苏共中央第一书记赫鲁晓夫下台后，周恩来、贺龙率代表团访问苏联，与苏联国防部长马林诺夫斯基发生矛盾，中苏冲突升级（参见：中苏交恶）。
- 1964月，“文化革命五人小组”成立。
- 1964The second of two volumes of Simplified Chinese characters ordered by the State Council of China was published.
- 1964湖口兵变。第一颗原子弹爆炸成功。麥克阿瑟公路通車。6月14日石門水庫峻工典礼。
- 1964月，中国大陆掀起“工业学大庆、农业学大寨 ”运动。
- 1964月-8月，中国与苏联在北京就边界问题举行谈判，会谈无果而终。
- 1964月29日，中国第一枚自主研制的导弹“东风二号”在酒泉发射场成功发射并命中目标（参见：两弹一星）。
- 1964月16日，中国第一颗原子弹爆炸成功（参见：两弹一星）。
- 1964月，中国和日本就互派记者达成《中日记者交换协定》。
- 1964月21日-1965年1月4日，在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上，刘少奇连任中华人民共和国主席，周恩来连任中华人民共和国国务院总理。
- 1964月，中华人民共和国第二次全国人口普查显示中国总人口达7.23亿，扫盲运动使得中国文盲率（15岁及以上不识字人的比例）下降到了52%，有约1亿人脱盲。
- 1964月，设立中国中日备忘录贸易办事处驻东京联络处。
- 1965越南战争
- 1965月6日，中国人民解放军海军与中华民国海军在福建、广东附近爆发“八六海战”。
- 1965月，苏联部长会议主席柯西金在北京与中方会谈，与毛泽东发生争论（参见：中苏交恶）。
- 19653月5日陳誠逝世。6月30日美援中止。八六海战。9月1日西藏自治区成立。11月10日姚文元发表评新编历史剧《海瑞罢官》。
- 1965月10日，姚文元于上海《文汇报》发表《评新编历史剧〈海瑞罢官〉》，被认为是文化大革命的导火索。
- 1965月1日，中国地质科学院的学者在云南元谋发现元谋人。
- 1965月1日，中国人民解放军与中华民国国军在福建爆发“东引海战”。
- 1965月17日，在世界上首次人工合成结晶牛胰岛素，次年4月《中国科学》刊登了有关论文。
- 1965月13日-14日，中国人民解放军海军与中华民国海军在福建爆发“崇武以东海战”。
- 1965月1日，西藏自治區正式成立。
| - Tokyo ConventionEN
- 에치젠곶 해역 지진EN
- (昭和38年)JA
- 1964東京オリンピック 開催
- 1964October — The first Shinkansen high-speed train railway line was opened.
- 19641964年新潟地震
- 1964東京五輪（オリンピック景気）
- 1964October — A largest Japanese land reclamation project thus far was completed in Lake Hachirōgata, creating the village of Ōgata out of 195 km of lakebed reclaimed since 1957.
- 1965不況（証券不況）
| - March on Washington; Martin Luther King Jr. "I Have a Dream" speechEN
- 部分禁止核試驗條約
- Bob Dylan and Columbia Records release The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (his second studio album), which becomes a classicEN
- 伯明翰運動
- The man accused of assassinating President Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald, is shot and killed by Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby. The assassination marks the first 24-hour coverage of a major news event by the major networks.EN
- The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan published, sparking the women's liberation movementEN
- Community Mental Health Act signed by KennedyEN
- Civil rights activist Medgar Evers assassinated outside his home by Byron De La BeckwithEN
- November 22, 1963 – President Kennedy assassinated in Dallas; Vice President Johnson becomes the 36th president.EN
- Atomic Test Ban TreatyEN
- 1961Vietnam War officially begins with 900 military advisors landing in Saigon
- 1961猪湾事件
- 1961Berlin Crisis of 1961
- 1961OPEC (The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) formed
- 1961Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
- 1961Peace Corps established
- 1961Alan Shepard pilots the Freedom 7 capsule to become the first American in space
- 1961Alliance for Progress
- 1961Trade embargo on Cuba
- 1961US breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba
- 1961Eisenhower gives celebrated "military–industrial complex" farewell address
- 196123rd Amendment, which grants electors to the District of Columbia
- 1961January 20, 1961 – Kennedy becomes the 35th president, Johnson becomes the 37th vice president
- 1962Cuban Missile Crisis, the closest nuclear confrontation involving the U.S. and USSR
- 1962The comic-book superhero Spider-Man debuts in Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) by Marvel Comics
- 1962Andy Warhol becomes famous for his Campbell's Soup Cans painting
- 1962John Glenn orbits the Earth in Friendship 7, becoming the first American to do so
- 1962Engel v. Vitale, determines that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools
- 1962Marilyn Monroe dies of apparent acute barbiturate poisoning at 36
- 1962Trade Expansion Act
- 1962Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
- 1962Baker v. Carr, enabling federal courts to intervene in and to decide reapportionment cases
- 1964The Beatles arrive in the U.S., and subsequent appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show, mark the start of the British Invasion (or, an increased number of rock and pop performers from the United Kingdom who became popular around the world, including the U.S.)
- 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964, outlawing legalized discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin and ended legalized racial segregation in the United States
- 1964耶穌受難日地震
- 19641964年美国总统选举
- 1964The Ford Mustang is introduced
- 1964Panama Canal Zone riots
- 1964President Johnson proposes the Great Society, whose social reforms were aimed at the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched later in the 1960s.
- 1964In the election, President Johnson won by one of the largest victories in U.S. history, defeating Arizona Republican Senator Barry Goldwater
- 1964Tonkin Gulf incident; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
- 1964Economic Opportunity Act
- 1964January 20, 1965 – President Johnson begins full term, Humphrey becomes the 38th vice president
- 196424th Amendment, prohibiting both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax
- 1964Ghetto riots (1964–1969), beginning with the Harlem riot of 1964
- 1965The Selma to Montgomery marches bring attention to the civil rights movement's call for voting rights
- 1965The Watts riots in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, lasts six days and is the first of several major urban riots due to racial issues.
- 1965Malcolm X, an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist is assassinated in Harlem, New York
- 19651965年拉特群島地震
- 1965Medicaid and Medicare enacted
- 1965Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), a civil rights activist group, led the first of several anti-war marches in Washington, D.C., with about 25,000 protesters
- 1965President Johnson escalates the United States military involvement in the Vietnam War
- 1965Higher Education Act of 1965
- 1965Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States
- 1965Puget Sound earthquake
- 1965Immigration Act of 1965
- 1965President Johnson appoints Thurgood Marshall as the first African-American Supreme Court Justice
- 1965Voting Rights Act
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